Tuesday, April 26, 2011

CONCLUSION

    Our research is to analyse the comparison between the Pelargonium radula and the other biopesticide products which are pine oil antifly and Serai Wangi Hanif. We use 3% concentration of jeremin oil as it was proven  as optimum concentration to repel the flies. Jeremin oil, pine oil and Serai Wangi Hanif was put in zone A in three different aquarium and were left for 50 minutes.The data obtained showed that jeremin oil is the best biopesticides among them as it can repel the average number of 10 flies compared to pine oil, 1 flies and Serai Wangi Hanif, 7 flies.

  In conclusion, jeremin oil is the best biopesticide among the current products and it has great potential to be commercialized based the results obtained. For the further research, we would like to do a field study to prove that jeremin oil is as effective as in the research lab and in the field condition.
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ADVATAGES OF USING JEREMIN OIL AS BIOPESTICIDE

ADVANTAGES
EXPLANATION
ECONOMCALLY  BENEFICIAL
As it is a Malaysian plant, the cost of production of jeremin oil is excluded the cost to import the plant whereas the pine oil is produced from the extraction of leaves of pine tree which is the pine oil is foreign plant. So the cost of production is much higher as it is including the cost to import the plant.   
EFFECTIVENESS
It is not just effective on repelling mosquitoes but also proven effective on flies.
FUNCTION
The jeremin oil can repel mosquitoes and flies at the same time as both insects carry the harmful pathogen which contributes to harmful diseases such as thyphoid, tuberculosis and polio. 
ENVIROMENTAL-FRIENDLY
It is 100% produced by the extraction of plant. No harmful chemical compound is added and does not contribute to  pollution.
TOXICITY
As it is 100% from the plant, it does not give the side effect to the human beings and to the environment
BUSSINESS OPPORTUNITY
This Malaysian plant has high potential to be commercialized around the world as bio pesticide industry is still in the early stage.   
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DISCUSSION

Peak
Compound
1
Toluene
2
1 1,6 Octadien
3
Cyclohexanone
4
Octen
5
1 2,6 Octadien
6
Aristolene
7
Pentanenitrile
8
Butenoic acid
9
Cyclopropanaphthalene
10
Beta-Myrcene



Figure 6 : Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) of the
phytochemicals analysis of the Pelargonium radula plant extract done at MARDI, Serdang.
      
       Analysis through Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) were conducted to investigate the chemical compounds that may be responsible as repellant. The chemical compounds on the phytochemicals that were present in Pelargonium radula plant through the GCMS revealed there is a group of major chemical compound component in the plant such as Octadien (Peak Ret. Time #2), Cyclohexanone (Peak Ret. Time #3) and Aristolene (Peak Ret. Time #6). Based on database in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), those compounds are biopesticide.
 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol or also known as Linalool is found naturally in a variety of plants, flowers and spices. As a pesticide, Linalool is intended for use indoors to control pests (fleas and ticks) on pets and the spaces they inhabit by affecting the insect’s nervous system. Linalool is also used as an outdoor mosquito inhibitor. Because of its flavorful and fragrant properties, Linalool has non-pesticide uses and it is added to processed food and beverages, perfumes, cosmetics and soaps as well as to household detergents and waxes. The Food and Drug Administration considers Linalool to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in food for human consumption and as an ingredient in animal drugs, feeds and related products.

                                    Diagram 3.0 Chemical structure of 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol

Diagram 4.0 Chemical structure of 2,6 Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-

2,6 octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl- also known as geraniol. Geraniol is a monoterpenoid C-10 (branched) alcohol found widely as a chief constituent in essential oils including ilang-ilang oil, palmarosa oil, geranium oil, orange flower oil, lemongrass oil, hops oil, and lavender oil. It is a clear to pale-yellow liquid; boiling point 230 C; insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether and most common organic solvents.Geraniol is a pheromone of certain species of bees, being secreted by the scent glands of worker bees to signal the location of nectar-bearing flowers and the entrances to their hives. Geraniol also find an application as an insect repellents.

As Benjamin Franklin once said in regards to fire prevention, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." The same holds true for disease control, especially when using biopesticides. The activity of biopesticides is generally targeted to specific pests and closely related organisms, and they are usually inherently less toxic to non-target organisms. Hence, the results of our study on jeremin oil extract from Pelargonium radula holds both statements above which are for prevention and for targeting specifically to house flies.
The repellent activity of jeremin oil towards house flies has had been proven the highest compared to the other local product which is Serai Wangi Haniff and a foreign product that is Pine oil antifly. The repellent activity jeremin oil is 43 percent higher when compared to the Serai Wangi Haniff after the 50th minute, while it is at 400 percent higher when compared to Pine oil Antifly at the same period of repellent time period.
            The repellent activity of jeremin oil is 400 percent higher when compared to the repelllent activity of the pine oil is simply because this biopesticide work best only on flies which are found at the researchers’ country of origin and certainly not Malaysia. Pine oil Antifly is an imported biopesticides which will only ruined the Malaysian businessperson.
            The repellent activity of jeremin oil is 43 percent higher than the Serai Wangi Haniff shows that jeremin oil is more specifically targeted at Malaysian house flies. In other words, the chemical compunds which made up the formulation of the Serai Wangi Haniff is not 100 percent made to repel Malaysian house flies. It may be targeted other pests.
            In short, from the number of the household flies that were repelled by the three different biopesticides, our comparative analysis research found out that Pelargonium radula which is also known as jeremin or ‘Pokok Halau Nyamuk’ among our ancestors is the best biopesticide and could be used as the next science innovative product from Malaysia.





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EXPERIMENT 2:- Biopesticides Comparative Analysis of Extracts Formulation Jeremin Oil Pelargonium radula as Insect Repellent

Title
The effectiveness of  different types of   biopesticide products on the  repellent activity against flies.

Aim
To determine the effectiveness of different types of biopesticide products on the repellent activity against flies

Hypothesis
The jeremin oil has the mostrepellent activity than the other different types of biopesticides

Variables
Manipulated
Types ofbiopesticide products [jeremin oil, Serai Wangi Haniff, and pine oil]

Responding
Repellent activity against flies

Fixed
Size of aquarium

Apparatus
Aquarium, Petri dish

Materials
10ml of 3% Jeremin oil, 10ml of distilled water, 10ml of Serai Wangi Haniff products,
10ml of pine oil, glucose solution, household flies

Diagram 5.0: Aquariums which contain flies

Procedure
1.      Theaquarium was divided into three zones which was 13 cm each zone.
2.      The zones of aquarium were labelled as A,B and C.
3.      The aquarium was placed in normal position in a well-ventilated room.
4.      The glucose solution was placed in the middle of aquarium as the food to feed the flies.
5.      15 flies were placed into the aquarium.
6.      10ml of jeremin oil was placed in the petri dish and it was placed at the end of zone A.

Diagram 6.0 Experimental set up of the experiment

7.      The flies were observed after 10th minutes, 30th minutes and 50th minutes.
8.      The experiment was repeated three times to get average number of repelled flies.
9.      Step 1-7 was repeated by using 10ml of distilled water, 10ml of Serai Wangi Haniff and 10ml of pine oil.
10.  The data obtained was tabulated


5.0 RESULTS

Table 1.0: The effect of jeremin oil on the repellent activity against flies

Time
(min)


Reading
10
30
50
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
1st
3
4
6
2
1
4
8
2
1
2
9
3
2nd
2
3
8
2
1
2
8
3
1
1
11
2
3rd
3
3
8
1
2
2
9
2
2
1
10
2
Average
3
3
7
2
1
3
8
2
1
1
10
2


Table 2.0: The effect of pine oilon the repellent activity against flies

Time
(min)


Reading
10
30
50
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
1st
7
3
3
2
3
4
2
6
4
2
2
7
2nd
8
2
1
4
5
5
0
5
4
3
1
8
3rd
7
2
2
3
5
4
1
5
5
3
1
6
Average
7
2
2
3
4
4
1
5
4
3
2
7


Table 3.0: The effect of Serai Wangi Haniff the repellent activity against flies

Time
(min)


Reading
10
30
50
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
1st
1
1
11
2
2
1
11
3
3
2
7
3
2nd
2
2
10
1
1
3
9
3
4
1
6
4
3rd
2
1
10
2
2
1
8
4
3
1
7
4
Average
2
1
10
2
2
2
9
3
3
1
7
4


Table 4.0: Controlled experiment using distilled water

Time
(min)


Reading
10
30
50
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
A
B
C
DIED
1st
5
7
3
0
6
5
4
0
5
4
6
0
2nd
6
8
1
0
4
8
2
1
6
6
2
1
3rd
7
6
2
0
5
9
1
0
5
7
1
2
Average
6
7
2
0
5
7
2
0
5
6
3
1






DATA ANALYSIS
                Based on the experiment above, pine oil seems not effective to drive away flies as it can only repel the average of 1 housefly. Serai Wangi Haniff repelled many flies at the early experiment which was in the first 10 minutes as it was able to repel the average of 10 flies. However, the number of flies that was repelled by this biopesticide decreases with the increases of time taken. After the 50th minutes, the average number of flies that was repelled by Serai Wangi Haniff decreases gradually to 7 flies. For jeremin oil’s results, the effectiveness of this biopesticide increased as time taken. In the first 10 minutes, it repelled the average of 7 flies but after 50 minutes, the average number of flies which was repelled by Jeremin oil increased to 10.0. My hypothesis is jeremin oil is the best biopesticide products as it can repel the flies in the long period.






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