DISCUSSION

Peak	Compound
1	Toluene
2	1 1,6 Octadien
3	Cyclohexanone
4	Octen
5	1 2,6 Octadien
6	Aristolene
7	Pentanenitrile
8	Butenoic acid
9	Cyclopropanaphthalene
10	Beta-Myrcene

Figure 6 : Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) of the

phytochemicals analysis of the Pelargonium radula plant extract done at MARDI, Serdang.

      

       Analysis through Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) were conducted to investigate the chemical compounds that may be responsible as repellant. The chemical compounds on the phytochemicals that were present in Pelargonium radula plant through the GCMS revealed there is a group of major chemical compound component in the plant such as Octadien (Peak Ret. Time #2), Cyclohexanone (Peak Ret. Time #3) and Aristolene (Peak Ret. Time #6). Based on database in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), those compounds are biopesticide.

 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol or also known as Linalool is found naturally in a variety of plants, flowers and spices. As a pesticide, Linalool is intended for use indoors to control pests (fleas and ticks) on pets and the spaces they inhabit by affecting the insect’s nervous system. Linalool is also used as an outdoor mosquito inhibitor. Because of its flavorful and fragrant properties, Linalool has non-pesticide uses and it is added to processed food and beverages, perfumes, cosmetics and soaps as well as to household detergents and waxes. The Food and Drug Administration considers Linalool to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in food for human consumption and as an ingredient in animal drugs, feeds and related products.

                                    Diagram 3.0 Chemical structure of 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol

Diagram 4.0 Chemical structure of 2,6 Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-

2,6 octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl- also known as geraniol. Geraniol is a monoterpenoid C-10 (branched) alcohol found widely as a chief constituent in essential oils including ilang-ilang oil, palmarosa oil, geranium oil, orange flower oil, lemongrass oil, hops oil, and lavender oil. It is a clear to pale-yellow liquid; boiling point 230 C; insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether and most common organic solvents.Geraniol is a pheromone of certain species of bees, being secreted by the scent glands of worker bees to signal the location of nectar-bearing flowers and the entrances to their hives. Geraniol also find an application as an insect repellents.

As Benjamin Franklin once said in regards to fire prevention, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." The same holds true for disease control, especially when using biopesticides. The activity of biopesticides is generally targeted to specific pests and closely related organisms, and they are usually inherently less toxic to non-target organisms. Hence, the results of our study on jeremin oil extract from Pelargonium radula holds both statements above which are for prevention and for targeting specifically to house flies.

The repellent activity of jeremin oil towards house flies has had been proven the highest compared to the other local product which is Serai Wangi Haniff and a foreign product that is Pine oil antifly. The repellent activity jeremin oil is 43 percent higher when compared to the Serai Wangi Haniff after the 50^th minute, while it is at 400 percent higher when compared to Pine oil Antifly at the same period of repellent time period.

            The repellent activity of jeremin oil is 400 percent higher when compared to the repelllent activity of the pine oil is simply because this biopesticide work best only on flies which are found at the researchers’ country of origin and certainly not Malaysia. Pine oil Antifly is an imported biopesticides which will only ruined the Malaysian businessperson.

            The repellent activity of jeremin oil is 43 percent higher than the Serai Wangi Haniff shows that jeremin oil is more specifically targeted at Malaysian house flies. In other words, the chemical compunds which made up the formulation of the Serai Wangi Haniff is not 100 percent made to repel Malaysian house flies. It may be targeted other pests.

            In short, from the number of the household flies that were repelled by the three different biopesticides, our comparative analysis research found out that Pelargonium radula which is also known as jeremin or ‘Pokok Halau Nyamuk’ among our ancestors is the best biopesticide and could be used as the next science innovative product from Malaysia.